比特币交易构成(二)
梦的衣裳323
发表于 2023-1-6 15:55:36
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上篇介绍了交易结构、签名等,为了更直观的认识比特币,借助bitcoind演示手动构造并广播交易的完整过程。
普通交易! r: I: W$ q8 r3 f/ s
1. 找出未花费的币(unspent output)
通过命令:listunspent [minconf=1] [maxconf=9999999] ["address",...]列出某个地址未花费的币(交易),minconf/maxconf表示该笔收入交易的确认数范围,如果需要列出还未确认的交易,需将minconf设置为0。8 {9 [' D1 q0 T
执行:
bitcoind listunspent 0 100 '["1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3"]'
输出:$ l, U2 q# G7 X- Q( g1 p
[
{
"txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156",
"vout" : 0,
"address" : "1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3",. t3 a, F" P+ j3 S7 t# L* L5 I0 B. [) q
"account" : "",! R/ t3 ^, D% |
"scriptPubKey" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac",
"amount" : 0.19900000,( @3 M+ l# t# w$ a+ r! X8 i2 H* t F8 x
"confirmations" : 1
}. v0 a+ X s% r' A! i! v
]
我们找到该地址的一个未花费交易,位于交易296ea7bf981b4499…9f0a41e589132156的第0个位置。
2. 创建待发送交易, j. R* S1 i5 W6 k. v; F
创建待发送交易,由命令:createrawtransaction [{"txid":txid,"vout":n},...] {address:amount,...}来完成。我们将 0.1 BTC发送至 1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x ,并支付 0.0001 BTC做为矿工费。输入交易的额度为 0.199 ,输出为 0.1 + 0.0001 = 0.1001 ,那么还剩余: 0.199 - 0.1001 = 0.0989 ,将此作为找零发回给自己。
执行:3 z* i* C- f( n; U/ O' r: l% k: S
bitcoind createrawtransaction \7 p4 i3 I4 h! k
'[{"txid":"296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156","vout":0}]' \
'{"1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x":0.1, "1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3":0.0989}'
输出:, D; w7 t( U9 F0 t0 ~
010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac000000007 q2 {: L3 N: ~$ g! Y
通过命令:decoderawtransaction ,可以将此段十六进制字符串解码。
执行:
bitcoind decoderawtransaction '010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000'# |9 h2 \. P. Z; n- |# g; {
输出:
{
"txid" : "54f773a3fdf7cb3292fc76b46c97e536348b3a0715886dbfd2f60e115fb3a8f0",7 _9 {3 y" ^2 x; G8 |
"version" : 1,& K# P7 H3 _% Y
"locktime" : 0,
"vin" : [, K8 _. f. m5 p3 S9 e
{
"txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156", t2 E, n6 ?) @: k0 G( w# F
"vout" : 0," @7 k" |: R- U1 H9 B: I7 w) A
"scriptSig" : {% U; z0 t D' o* k! c' G. A
"asm" : "",: W1 {; w7 E0 e) b N: c
"hex" : ""
},
"sequence" : 4294967295& g* T7 _7 z M& L6 J& z* N7 i9 W1 r
}/ r. R! r( K6 S
],9 n: x- \7 o: I4 E
"vout" : [
{8 q) ]+ ?9 q9 c8 q
"value" : 0.10000000,
"n" : 0,
"scriptPubKey" : {
"asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",- |% G' Z2 b3 O' o2 a5 r* r; ^3 O+ O; n
"hex" : "76a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88ac",, W7 p- `" @- G" a! O2 Q7 J6 c
"reqSigs" : 1,7 D/ \2 D8 g [% F# p7 n
"type" : "pubkeyhash",+ G3 c6 q6 G, Y+ w/ \1 ]& k; L8 k( t
"addresses" : [
"1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x"7 L2 O6 y/ }7 B) x1 B( ~/ [% [: h Y
]4 ?2 }, b7 A& G; ^: Z( e" q1 @2 Z
}# d6 N: c* H7 V; {& z$ q. A
},4 e- V* ]& `) V9 q
{
"value" : 0.09890000,
"n" : 1,9 y* F! c0 E3 G% s9 B
"scriptPubKey" : {
"asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",
"hex" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac",' Y$ B# n8 v, r8 b- m; Q; r
"reqSigs" : 1,
"type" : "pubkeyhash",
"addresses" : [
"1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3"
]2 B! u5 T, ^( ]: R; {( B4 k- l
}0 c+ X9 ?) X, u
}
]5 `( b( H4 h, j1 e. F R
}. y) `5 u: i3 I! u# R
至此,一个“空白交易”就构造好了,尚未使用私钥对交易进行签名,字段scriptSig是留空的,无签名的交易是无效的。此时的Tx ID并不是最终的Tx ID,填入签名后Tx ID会发生变化。/ r* a+ p- S. z
在手动创建交易时,务必注意输入、输出的值,非常容易犯错的是忘记构造找零输出(如非必要勿手动构造交易)。曾经有人构造交易时忘记找零,发生了支付 200 BTC 的矿工费的人间惨剧,所幸的是收录该笔交易的Block由著名挖矿团队“烤猫(Friedcat)”挖得,该团队非常厚道的退回了多余费用。
3. 签名/ x. R4 s6 P/ j0 ~* V8 J
交易签名使用命令:, T7 Y9 J: G4 x6 p( m7 K& e' u @
signrawtransaction \
[{"txid":txid,"vout":n,"scriptPubKey":hex,"redeemScript":hex},...] [,...] \8 t: t1 r3 W! J9 r+ h
[sighashtype="ALL"]$ K0 B- L# U# Q# f/ Q, S
第一个参数是创建的待签名交易的十六进制字符串;第二个参数有点类似创建交易时的参数,不过需要多出一个公钥字段scriptPubKey,其他节点验证交易时是通过公钥和签名来完成的,所以要提供公钥;如果是合成地址,则需要提供redeemScript;
第三个参数是即将花费的币所在地址的私钥,用来对交易进行签名,如果该地址私钥已经导入至bitcoind中,则无需显式提供;最后一个参数表示签名类型,在上一篇里,介绍了三种交易签名类型;
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签名之前需要找到scriptPubKey,提取输入交易信息即可获取(也可以根据其公钥自行计算),由命令:getrawtransaction [verbose=0]完成。
执行:6 k/ _' R5 \ m4 f+ P# p* o( g
bitcoind getrawtransaction 296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156 1
输出: G, p# u& Z( P. }! ?/ S% K5 n ~
{
"hex" : "01000000010511331f639e974283d3909496787a660583dc88f41598d177e225b5f352314a000000006c493046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d4012103cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4ffffffff0160a62f01000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000",
"txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156",! ] }0 e8 d/ h$ l( @! Q
"version" : 1,
"locktime" : 0,+ R# p. g U; T& c P* V
"vin" : [
{8 n1 j4 {. l5 S3 H. V
"txid" : "4a3152f3b525e277d19815f488dc8305667a78969490d38342979e631f331105",
"vout" : 0," O: P' N$ B& [8 G9 F
"scriptSig" : {
"asm" : "3046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d401 03cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4",( r9 ~1 V T: {$ t) D& Y: V
"hex" : "493046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d4012103cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4". R2 p5 i+ Y' J# o+ V, y% P
},5 z! f# m9 [# U# ^, H1 Y
"sequence" : 4294967295/ r; a8 p/ O" W! f; t, T
}
],# d/ c2 n8 G, i
"vout" : [
{
"value" : 0.19900000,
"n" : 0,
"scriptPubKey" : {6 A/ a5 }7 c4 [
"asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",
"hex" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac",
"reqSigs" : 1,
"type" : "pubkeyhash",' H. F) U- Q r; d3 N* A
"addresses" : [
"1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3"; j& P8 ~8 x# K8 g `8 T8 ]
]
}
}
],
"blockhash" : "000000000000000488f18f7659acd85b2bd06a5ed2c4439eea74a8b968d16656",, m7 V5 m1 N# y/ E$ ]8 d: L
"confirmations" : 19,
"time" : 1383235737,
"blocktime" : 1383235737! i0 k4 U- W( |; s" y' V8 ]1 ?
}: l& g& p8 q; A8 g+ {
scriptPubKey位于”vout”[0]->”scriptPubKey”->”hex”,即: 76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac 。! n @# x" l- G) C
签名使用ECDSA算法,对其,“空白交易”签名之,执行:* a& I/ u) E* x' o3 `9 s. x3 l4 u
bitcoind signrawtransaction \
"010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000" \
'[{"txid":"296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156","vout":0,"scriptPubKey":"76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac"}]'
输出:
{6 }4 O' F& C3 j/ j1 ~' f
"hex" : "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",
"complete" : true! h6 b3 r9 g- i
}
签名后,签名值会填入上文所述的空字段中,从而得到一个完整的交易。可通过上文介绍的命令decoderawtransaction 解码查看之。
最后一步,就是将其广播出去,等待网络传播至所有节点,约10~60秒广播至全球节点,取决与你的节点的网络连接状况。稍后一些时刻,就会进入Block中。广播由命令sendrawtransaction 来完成。如果没有运行节点,可以通过公共节点的API进行广播,例如:blockchain.info/pushtx。9 i1 Y! N$ _" v s6 k# S
执行:
bitcoind sendrawtransaction \% h( w8 A6 q, D" V3 m: J. D# g* }
"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"
输出:
b5f8da1ea9e02ec3cc0765f9600f49945e94ed4b0c88ed0648896bf3e213205d2 {- i) G, \ B
返回的是Transaction Hash值,即该交易的ID。至此,交易构造、签名、发送的完整过程完成了。7 x1 g# p6 ]3 R! g6 O
合成地址交易
合成地址以3开头,可以实现多方管理资产,极大提高安全性,也可以轻松实现基于比特币原生的三方交易担保支付。一个M-of-N的模式:
m {pubkey}...{pubkey} n OP_CHECKMULTISIG
M和N需满足:
1! {; ]/ A% X2 t3 V/ O, }
1 of 3,最大程度私钥冗余。防丢私钥损失,3把私钥中任意一把即可签名发币,即使丢失2把都可以保障不受损失;
2 of 3,提高私钥冗余度的同时解决单点信任问题。3把私钥任意2把私钥可签名发币,三方不完全信任的情形,即中介交易中,非常适用;9 `/ N( X* m0 U+ l, D. I2 E9 g
3 of 3,最大程度解决资金信任问题,无私钥冗余。必须3把私钥全部签名才能发币,适用多方共同管理重要资产,但任何一方遗失私钥均造成严重损失;
合成地址的交易构造、签名、发送过程与普通交易类似,这里只介绍如何创建一个合成地址。大神Gavin Andresen已经演示过,下面内容摘自其gist. n/ I' @% W8 o0 @
首先,需要三对公钥、私钥。公钥创建地址、私钥用于签名。
# No.1
0491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f86 / 5JaTXbAUmfPYZFRwrYaALK48fN6sFJp4rHqq2QSXs8ucfpE4yQU0 l% k4 q# ~8 C# a% V3 A$ K, Z
# No.2
04865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec6874 / 5Jb7fCeh1Wtm4yBBg3q3XbT6B525i17kVhy3vMC9AqfR6FH2qGk8 d& k7 Q* M* c1 k/ L4 n
# No.3
048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d46213 / 5JFjmGo5Fww9p8gvx48qBYDJNAzR9pmH5S389axMtDyPT8ddqmw
使用命令:createmultisig 来合成,其中key为公钥,创建地址时仅需公钥。创建类型是2 of 3.
输入:2 ]7 H2 g$ c6 Z5 P& H
bitcoind createmultisig 2 \' L& \6 O; @5 ]/ F e2 d( ^ ~1 q
'["0491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f86","04865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec6874","048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d46213"]'4 ?* J6 @6 F: Q% P
输出:
{
"address" : "3QJmV3qfvL9SuYo34YihAf3sRCW3qSinyC"," a( m$ G. \. o
"redeemScript" : "52410491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f864104865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec687441048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d4621353ae"1 u3 u# m: T% p4 ` K3 @
}
得到的合成地址是:3QJmV3qfvL9SuYo34YihAf3sRCW3qSinyC,该地址没有公钥,仅有redeemScript,作用与公钥相同。后续的构造、签名、发送过程与上文普通地址交易类似,略去。
转自比特币实验室
BitMere.com 比特池塘系信息发布平台,比特池塘仅提供信息存储空间服务。
声明:该文观点仅代表作者本人,本文不代表比特池塘立场,且不构成建议,请谨慎对待。
声明:该文观点仅代表作者本人,本文不代表比特池塘立场,且不构成建议,请谨慎对待。
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