比特币交易构成(二)
梦的衣裳323
发表于 2023-1-6 15:55:36
186
0
0
上篇介绍了交易结构、签名等,为了更直观的认识比特币,借助bitcoind演示手动构造并广播交易的完整过程。3 P% L( O: Z4 R" i
普通交易" F3 D5 i8 h W$ {# T" t7 i B
1. 找出未花费的币(unspent output)
通过命令:listunspent [minconf=1] [maxconf=9999999] ["address",...]列出某个地址未花费的币(交易),minconf/maxconf表示该笔收入交易的确认数范围,如果需要列出还未确认的交易,需将minconf设置为0。
执行:
bitcoind listunspent 0 100 '["1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3"]'2 Z" R9 [2 i, b' ^4 W% m
输出:
[
{
"txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156",
"vout" : 0,' K& ]7 U6 j0 N2 _' Q& ^/ N" d
"address" : "1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3",3 Q9 k* u* s/ _1 R7 s
"account" : "",- e) V3 o% j% U, J) x* A
"scriptPubKey" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac",
"amount" : 0.19900000,
"confirmations" : 16 g1 ~" O9 Z$ I1 y. X- ]2 H( A0 o
}
]/ U& E$ G( m. w: O9 P( M
我们找到该地址的一个未花费交易,位于交易296ea7bf981b4499…9f0a41e589132156的第0个位置。
2. 创建待发送交易
创建待发送交易,由命令:createrawtransaction [{"txid":txid,"vout":n},...] {address:amount,...}来完成。我们将 0.1 BTC发送至 1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x ,并支付 0.0001 BTC做为矿工费。输入交易的额度为 0.199 ,输出为 0.1 + 0.0001 = 0.1001 ,那么还剩余: 0.199 - 0.1001 = 0.0989 ,将此作为找零发回给自己。
执行:" @; i+ A6 o$ l) a: o
bitcoind createrawtransaction \: @2 ^6 b& \$ U/ F' Z& y
'[{"txid":"296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156","vout":0}]' \
'{"1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x":0.1, "1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3":0.0989}'- B+ e0 A8 P- G* d, i `( c2 x l
输出:
010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000" h3 u$ u, @& {
通过命令:decoderawtransaction ,可以将此段十六进制字符串解码。
执行:
bitcoind decoderawtransaction '010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000'8 b( D: i% ~* c- _9 x) }
输出:7 i: v' Q$ ]# W" e+ h- d' t! D( J
{, z. D* e6 T% n" u$ R& @8 u. B: _
"txid" : "54f773a3fdf7cb3292fc76b46c97e536348b3a0715886dbfd2f60e115fb3a8f0",
"version" : 1,, z$ R, P3 h: U5 X
"locktime" : 0,9 B% M% g7 U' L# S7 z, x/ P$ s }9 j
"vin" : [+ g& u8 [+ C( i5 ]0 \: {8 W( O: c
{' | A9 K2 I$ p7 a. L. w
"txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156",9 j5 U" c9 J% }; `; V% t9 O
"vout" : 0,
"scriptSig" : {6 J) ~9 J% H. }7 j
"asm" : "",8 d, y% w- `1 ?0 N' W' f* Y7 d
"hex" : ""$ o7 t8 P2 w# }
},
"sequence" : 4294967295
}- R# x- h: Q3 H7 B. j( g
],' y3 I6 T7 r' w) b: n5 }( \
"vout" : [+ P) ?% w8 ~/ R3 |
{# }( V- ]( v) }
"value" : 0.10000000,1 z8 O$ `( v% X5 x; N
"n" : 0,5 V: K! B( |# T8 y6 L" X5 p& m b
"scriptPubKey" : {% y0 Z3 S0 \2 w/ A
"asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",$ J% C; J4 ?* g& l# f' M+ v$ P
"hex" : "76a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88ac",! T: e4 h8 W9 r: Y$ _
"reqSigs" : 1,
"type" : "pubkeyhash",; y) h+ K2 e# U
"addresses" : [
"1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x"- W r' v3 P/ W$ w9 A4 B5 U
]
}
},
{
"value" : 0.09890000,9 {$ M& j* B. s+ I% m5 w( Q! p% q- d
"n" : 1,* u' N4 i3 w0 U; m% J2 C
"scriptPubKey" : {1 V6 ~3 {' N3 T- d9 m
"asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",8 \1 h% N: w/ d2 j. U
"hex" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac"," w" s: v1 A3 C( [- V5 B
"reqSigs" : 1,! t+ T" i. C6 C
"type" : "pubkeyhash",9 [& L v! w$ Y* h. \
"addresses" : [( F$ J2 s+ W u% q6 [" X; J* x9 N
"1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3"# I+ O( M; K0 A2 Q3 Z% F+ D
]* Q- a9 C% I, [8 W6 J
}
}
]
}
至此,一个“空白交易”就构造好了,尚未使用私钥对交易进行签名,字段scriptSig是留空的,无签名的交易是无效的。此时的Tx ID并不是最终的Tx ID,填入签名后Tx ID会发生变化。6 W8 A- H" [' _" @2 Y( U
在手动创建交易时,务必注意输入、输出的值,非常容易犯错的是忘记构造找零输出(如非必要勿手动构造交易)。曾经有人构造交易时忘记找零,发生了支付 200 BTC 的矿工费的人间惨剧,所幸的是收录该笔交易的Block由著名挖矿团队“烤猫(Friedcat)”挖得,该团队非常厚道的退回了多余费用。* R- V; z' w) u/ B. N& i9 r, v
3. 签名9 h: I% N2 j6 h7 ]8 {; s0 B
交易签名使用命令:
signrawtransaction \
[{"txid":txid,"vout":n,"scriptPubKey":hex,"redeemScript":hex},...] [,...] \4 o0 I4 n3 D# i3 `6 R4 U9 ~
[sighashtype="ALL"]
第一个参数是创建的待签名交易的十六进制字符串;第二个参数有点类似创建交易时的参数,不过需要多出一个公钥字段scriptPubKey,其他节点验证交易时是通过公钥和签名来完成的,所以要提供公钥;如果是合成地址,则需要提供redeemScript;8 c @5 A( ^2 l9 T3 N' E- N
第三个参数是即将花费的币所在地址的私钥,用来对交易进行签名,如果该地址私钥已经导入至bitcoind中,则无需显式提供;最后一个参数表示签名类型,在上一篇里,介绍了三种交易签名类型;; q; w. N! n) p% }* H# s5 _. W5 q
2 y8 Q1 D( X! C* x
签名之前需要找到scriptPubKey,提取输入交易信息即可获取(也可以根据其公钥自行计算),由命令:getrawtransaction [verbose=0]完成。
执行:
bitcoind getrawtransaction 296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156 1
输出:
{- d4 ^& C3 a3 U4 H& M
"hex" : "01000000010511331f639e974283d3909496787a660583dc88f41598d177e225b5f352314a000000006c493046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d4012103cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4ffffffff0160a62f01000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000",
"txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156",3 k! T5 _, `$ D7 x
"version" : 1,; P% o2 t7 `1 i& a! ]" @
"locktime" : 0,8 g* L* p! l; Y* ?
"vin" : [2 B2 u1 | x$ J0 @' G- _
{
"txid" : "4a3152f3b525e277d19815f488dc8305667a78969490d38342979e631f331105",
"vout" : 0,5 P n* J1 ~- i1 l$ Y4 E
"scriptSig" : {
"asm" : "3046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d401 03cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4",! R' E9 Y3 _0 @" D @% M
"hex" : "493046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d4012103cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4", |0 C) e2 X& {- d0 s
},
"sequence" : 4294967295
}6 t; n4 M# V; T) |8 e& w
],: Q u9 A# s1 S9 r% g
"vout" : [3 n2 b5 M! V, O/ H0 f) U% ~- f/ ~, u
{
"value" : 0.19900000,
"n" : 0,
"scriptPubKey" : {8 v5 N$ F' j# b4 p2 N
"asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",
"hex" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac",
"reqSigs" : 1,
"type" : "pubkeyhash",) I, `/ t! K0 X5 [% G
"addresses" : [; v3 m7 r9 o, m) o% u8 ?7 a
"1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3"3 p$ z5 I" `6 d* \; C3 Y
]
}8 q+ u. ]7 Y" v, t
}+ Z- Z$ G+ K4 p8 f2 O
],, v0 d$ H4 U& G/ j- r
"blockhash" : "000000000000000488f18f7659acd85b2bd06a5ed2c4439eea74a8b968d16656",/ I! o1 Q6 c! @/ ~7 n
"confirmations" : 19,8 b* o. y# r7 ?
"time" : 1383235737,
"blocktime" : 1383235737+ `+ y, B: V1 C
}4 [1 y# ^8 `7 [% I$ z% ]
scriptPubKey位于”vout”[0]->”scriptPubKey”->”hex”,即: 76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac 。* D; v" m+ ?/ v' ^: n' P9 U/ Q
签名使用ECDSA算法,对其,“空白交易”签名之,执行:, }# n: j" ^- @, S0 w
bitcoind signrawtransaction \4 k/ L7 N1 ] y+ L6 a
"010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000" \
'[{"txid":"296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156","vout":0,"scriptPubKey":"76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac"}]'
输出:
{" t3 |# w, c; |7 V& ]
"hex" : "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",
"complete" : true2 g$ A/ d8 H8 b2 H) {% K2 _/ z0 y
}
签名后,签名值会填入上文所述的空字段中,从而得到一个完整的交易。可通过上文介绍的命令decoderawtransaction 解码查看之。
最后一步,就是将其广播出去,等待网络传播至所有节点,约10~60秒广播至全球节点,取决与你的节点的网络连接状况。稍后一些时刻,就会进入Block中。广播由命令sendrawtransaction 来完成。如果没有运行节点,可以通过公共节点的API进行广播,例如:blockchain.info/pushtx。% L) K* \5 _. K7 U4 e
执行:% Y/ z9 ~# b0 ] \
bitcoind sendrawtransaction \
"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"( f& g6 r2 K# v
输出:
b5f8da1ea9e02ec3cc0765f9600f49945e94ed4b0c88ed0648896bf3e213205d
返回的是Transaction Hash值,即该交易的ID。至此,交易构造、签名、发送的完整过程完成了。! I1 Z6 C# D3 P8 [
合成地址交易
合成地址以3开头,可以实现多方管理资产,极大提高安全性,也可以轻松实现基于比特币原生的三方交易担保支付。一个M-of-N的模式:1 O" P" g. y' X/ q6 D- R! y# I/ X
m {pubkey}...{pubkey} n OP_CHECKMULTISIG
M和N需满足:& K- D$ Y# `5 K* i7 q& X- ?
1
1 of 3,最大程度私钥冗余。防丢私钥损失,3把私钥中任意一把即可签名发币,即使丢失2把都可以保障不受损失;
2 of 3,提高私钥冗余度的同时解决单点信任问题。3把私钥任意2把私钥可签名发币,三方不完全信任的情形,即中介交易中,非常适用;
3 of 3,最大程度解决资金信任问题,无私钥冗余。必须3把私钥全部签名才能发币,适用多方共同管理重要资产,但任何一方遗失私钥均造成严重损失;
合成地址的交易构造、签名、发送过程与普通交易类似,这里只介绍如何创建一个合成地址。大神Gavin Andresen已经演示过,下面内容摘自其gist.& o" i2 Z: r' Q5 T K) B
首先,需要三对公钥、私钥。公钥创建地址、私钥用于签名。
# No.1! W8 j! r1 n0 R" Q
0491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f86 / 5JaTXbAUmfPYZFRwrYaALK48fN6sFJp4rHqq2QSXs8ucfpE4yQU
# No.2
04865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec6874 / 5Jb7fCeh1Wtm4yBBg3q3XbT6B525i17kVhy3vMC9AqfR6FH2qGk
# No.3( C, @' B, D% T% ^/ X8 N) k
048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d46213 / 5JFjmGo5Fww9p8gvx48qBYDJNAzR9pmH5S389axMtDyPT8ddqmw
使用命令:createmultisig 来合成,其中key为公钥,创建地址时仅需公钥。创建类型是2 of 3.5 X* r6 \: T9 V6 Y
输入:4 s) b m- j1 o5 r& p8 \& m8 P5 @5 c
bitcoind createmultisig 2 \
'["0491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f86","04865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec6874","048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d46213"]'
输出:
{0 V- P$ X2 a8 c
"address" : "3QJmV3qfvL9SuYo34YihAf3sRCW3qSinyC",# m" r4 d4 J; @' a( k
"redeemScript" : "52410491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f864104865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec687441048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d4621353ae"
}! {, J% |& I- p4 f& |" p
得到的合成地址是:3QJmV3qfvL9SuYo34YihAf3sRCW3qSinyC,该地址没有公钥,仅有redeemScript,作用与公钥相同。后续的构造、签名、发送过程与上文普通地址交易类似,略去。1 n1 S( U, A$ w# G$ R
转自比特币实验室
BitMere.com 比特池塘系信息发布平台,比特池塘仅提供信息存储空间服务。
声明:该文观点仅代表作者本人,本文不代表比特池塘立场,且不构成建议,请谨慎对待。
声明:该文观点仅代表作者本人,本文不代表比特池塘立场,且不构成建议,请谨慎对待。
成为第一个吐槽的人