鲍威尔意在强调，首先，美联储官员作出任何降息决策都会感觉当前的经济形势和数据而定，而目前通胀和就业的两大使命之间风险达到均衡，所以是时候开启降息以提振劳动力市场了。 第二，美联储将逐次会议做出决策，不会受到市场对降息预期定价的影响，也不会考虑任何政治因素和议题，而是用「对当时合适的速度或快或慢地采取行动」。 第三，鲍威尔不认为大幅降息说明美国经济衰退临近，也不说明就业市场濒临崩溃的边缘，降息更多是一种预防性质的行动，目的是保持住经济和劳动力市场「稳健」的现状。 第四，他承认非农就业可能下修，但依旧是个值得参考的重要数据点，其他美联储关注的劳动力数据还包括：失业率、就业率、工资增长、职位空缺与失业人数的比值、辞职率等多项指标： 重点是，「问题不在于具体数字的水平几何」，而是在过去几个月情况发生了变化，美国通胀的上行风险确实在下降，就业的下行风险增加，所以现在美联储出手调整政策立场支持就业。 以下为华尔街见闻整理的鲍威尔 9 月 FOMC 大幅降息后记者会问答环节全记录： 问题 1：Strong third quarter GDP running 3% so what changed to made the committee go 50. Andhow do you respond to the concerns that perhaps it shows the Fed is more concerned about the labor market, and I guess should we expect more 50s in the months ahead? And based on what should we make that call? 第三季度美国 GDP 预计强劲增长 3%，那么是什么变化让美联储决定降息 50 个基点？这是否可能表明美联储更担心劳动力市场，未来也会继续每次降息 50 个基点？我们应该根据什么做出这一判断？ 回答 1： Let me jump in. So since the last meeting, we have had a lot of data come in. We've had the two employment reports July and August. We've also had two inflation reports, including one that came in during blackout. We had the QCW report, which suggests that the payroll report numbers that we're getting may be artificially high and will be revised down. You know that we've also seen that anecdotal data like the Beige Book, so we took all of those, and we went into blackout, and we thought about what to do, and we cleared that this was the right thing for the economy, for the people that we serve, and that's how we made our decision. So that's one question. 自上次会议以来，我们收到了很多数据，有 7 月和 8 月的两份非农就业报告，还有两份通胀报告，其中一份是在美联储官员静默期内发布的。还有 QCW 报告表明我们非农新增就业数可能被人为抬高，将会被下调。我们也看到了像美联储褐皮书这样的轶事数据，所以我们收集了所有这些数据，然后进入公开发言的静默期，我们思考该怎么做，并明确了这对经济、对我们服务的美国人民​​来说是正确的，这就是我们做出决定的方式。 So a couple things, a good place to start is the SEP. But let me start with what I said, which was that we're going to be making decisions, meeting by meeting, based on the incoming data, the evolving outlook, the balance of risks. If you look at the SEP, you'll see that it's a process of recalibrating our policy stance, away from where we had a year ago, when inflation was high and unemployment low, to a place that's more appropriate given where we are now and where we expect to be. And that process will take place over time. There's nothing in the SEP that suggests the committee is in a rush to get this done. This this process evolves over time. （对于未来利率路径的判断），一个好的起点是看经济预测摘要 SEP。首先，我们将根据收到的数据、不断变化的前景和风险平衡，在逐次会议上做出决定。看看 SEP 你会发现，这是一个重新校准我们政策立场的过程，远离一年前通胀高 + 失业率低的立场，转向一个更适合当前情况和我们预期的立场。这个过程将随着时间的推移而发生。SEP 中没有任何内容表明委员会急于完成（降息）这项工作，这个过程是随着时间的推移而发展的。 Of course, that's a projection. That's a baseline projection. We know, as I mentioned in my remarks, that the actual things that we do will depend on the way the economy evolves. We can go quicker, if that's appropriate, we can go slower if that's appropriate. We can pause if that's appropriate. But that's what we're contemplating. Again, I would point you to the SEP as just an assessment of where, what the committee is thinking today, but the individual members, rather, of the committee, are thinking today, assuming that their particular forecasts take, you know, are realized. 当然，这只是一个预测。这是一个基线预测。正如我在发言中提到的，我们实际做的事情将取决于经济的发展方式。如果合适，我们可以加快（降息）速度，如果合适，我们可以放慢速度。如果合适，我们可以暂停。但这就是我们正在考虑的。再次，我想指出，SEP 只是对委员会今天的想法的评估，而且是委员会的各位成员今天的想法，假设他们特定的预测得以实现。 问题 2: The projections show that the Fed officials expect the Fed funds rate to still be above their estimate of long run neutral by the end of next year. So does that suggest you see rates as restrictive for that entire period? Does that threaten the weakening of the job market you said you'd like to avoid, or does it suggest that maybe people see the short run neutral as a little bit higher? 预测显示，美联储官员预计到明年年底联邦基金利率仍将高于他们对长期中性利率的估计。那么这是否意味着您认为利率在整个时期内都是有限制性的？这是否威胁到您所说希望避免的就业市场疲软，是否也意味着人们可能认为短期中性利率会略高一些？ 回答 2：: I would really characterize it as this. I think people write down their estimate. Individuals do. I think every single person on the committee, if you ask them, what's your level of certainty around that, and they would say there's a wide range where that could fall. So I think we don't know there are model based approaches and empirically based approaches that estimate what the neutral rate will be at any given time. But realistically, we know it by its works. So that leaves us in a place where we'll be, where we expect, in the base case, to be continuing to remove restriction, and we'll be looking at the way the economy reacts to that, and that will be guiding us in our thinking about the question that we're asking at every meeting, which is, is our policy stance the appropriate one? 我真的会这样描述它。这是委员会每个官员个人的预估值，如果你问他们对此的确定程度如何，他们会说，这个范围可能很大。所以我认为我们不知道是否有基于模型的方法和基于经验的方法可以估计任何给定时间的中性利率。但实际上，我们通过它的工作原理来了解它。因此，在基本场景下，我们预计会继续放松货币政策，我们将关注经济对此的反应，这将指导我们思考在每次会议上提出的问题，即我们的政策立场是否合适？ We know, if you go back, we know that the policy stance we adopted in July of 2023 came at a time when unemployment was three and a half percent and inflation was 4.2%. Today, unemployment is up to 4.2%, inflation is down to a few tenths above 2%, so we know that it is time to recalibrate our policy to Something that is more appropriate given the progress on inflation and on employment moving to a more sustainable level. So the balance of risks are now even, and this is the beginning of that process I mentioned, the direction of which is toward a sense of neutral, and we'll move as fast or as slow as we think is appropriate in real time, what you have is our individual accumulation of individual estimates of what that will be in the base case. 我们知道，如果回顾一下，我们会发现在 2023 年 7 月采取的政策立场是在失业率为 3.5% 和通胀率为 4.2% 时采取的。如今，失业率已升至 4.2%，通胀率降至更接近 2%，因此我们知道，鉴于通胀和就业向更可持续水平迈进的进展，现在是时候重新调整我们的政策，使其更合适。因此，风险平衡现在已均衡，这是我提到的那个过程的开始，其方向是朝着中立的方向发展，我们将根据我们认为对当时合适的速度或快或慢地采取行动，点阵图是联储官员对基本场景的个人估计值。 问题 3：How close was this in terms of the decision, you do have the first dissent by a governor since 2005 I think was the weight clearly in favor of a 50, or was this a very close decision? 这是自 2005 年以来第一次有联储理事提出异议，降息 50 个基点的共识意见有多少？ 回答 3： I think we had a good discussion. You know, if you go back, I talked about this at Jackson Hole, but I didn't address the question of the size of the cut. And I think we left it open going into blackout. And so there was a lot of discussion back and forth. Good diversity of division. Excellent discussion today. I think there was also broad support for the decision that the committee voted on. So I would add, though, look at the SEP all 19 of the participants wrote down multiple cuts this year, all 19. That's a big change from June, right? 17 of the 19 wrote down three or more cuts, and 10 of the 19 wrote down four more cuts. So, you know, there is a dissent, and there's a range of views, but there's actually a lot of common ground as well. 我认为我们进行了很好的讨论。我在杰克逊霍尔谈到了这个问题，但我没有回答降息幅度的问题。我认为我们在静默期之前没有解决这个问题。因此，我们进行了大量的讨论。观点有多样性很好。今天的讨论非常精彩。我认为委员会投票通过的决定也得到了广泛的支持。我想补充一点，看看 SEP，所有 19 名参与者支持今年多次降息，这与 6 月份相比有很大变化，19 人中有 17 人支持今年降息 3 次或更多，有 10 人支持 4 次以上的降息。所以，存在不同意见，也有各种观点，但实际上也有很多共同点。 问题 4： on the pacing here, would you expect this to be running every other meeting? 按照这样的节奏，您是否认为每隔一次会议都会进行这样（大幅降息）的讨论？ 回答 4：Once we get into next year, we're going to take it meeting by meeting, as I mentioned, we would. There's no sense that the committee feels it's in a rush to do this. We made a good, strong start to this. And that's really, frankly, a sign of our confidence, confidence in inflation is coming down toward 2% on a sustainable basis. That gives us the ability we can, you know, make a good, strong start. But, and I'm very pleased that we did to me the logic of this, both from an economic standpoint and also from a risk management standpoint, was clear, but I think we're going to go carefully meeting by meeting and make our decisions as we go. 一旦进入明年，我们将逐次会议讨论此事，正如我之前提到的那样。委员会不会急于这样做（降降息）。我们已经取得了良好的开端。坦率地说，这确实表明了我们的信心，相信通胀率将以可持续的方式下降到 2%。这让我们有能力取得良好的开端。但是，我很高兴我们做到了，无论是从经济角度还是从风险管理角度来看，这其中的逻辑都很明确，但我认为我们将在每次会议上都谨慎行事，并随着时间推进做出决定。 问题 5：Your colleagues in your economic projections today see the unemployment rate climbing to 4.4% and staying there, obviously, historically, when the unemployment rate climbs that much over a relatively short period of time, it doesn't typically just stop. It continues increasing. And so I wonder if you can walk us through why you see the labor market stabilizing sort of, what's the mechanism there, and what do you see as the risks? 您的同事在今天的经济预测中预测失业率将攀升至 4.4% 并保持在这个水平，显然，从历史上看，当失业率在相对较短的时间内攀升到这个水平时，它通常不会停止，而是会继续上升。所以为什么您认为劳动力市场会趋于稳定，其中的机制是什么，您认为存在哪些风险？ 回答 5： So again, the labor market is actually in solid condition, and our intention with our policy move today is to keep it there. You can say that about the whole economy. The US economy is in good shape. It's growing at a solid pace. Inflation is coming down. The labor market is in a strong pace. We want to keep it there that's what we're doing. 所以，劳动力市场实际上处于稳健状态，我们今天采取政策举措的目的是保持这种状态。你可以说整个经济都是如此。美国经济状况良好。它正以稳健的速度增，通胀正在下降，劳动力市场发展强劲。我们希望保持这种状态，这就是我们正在做的事情。 问题 6：「新美联储通讯社」Nick Timiraos 的提问，鉴于近期就业数据的大幅修正，今天的行动是否构成追赶，或者这次比典型降息幅度更大的降息是政策利率名义水平上升的结果，因此可以预期加速降息的节奏将继续下去？ 回答 6： multiple questions in every list. So I would say we don't think we're behind. We do not think we're. We think this is timely, but I think you can take this as a sign of our commitment not to get behind. So it's a strong move. 我们不认为我们落后（于曲线）了。我们认为这是及时的（降息），但我认为你可以把这看作是我们承诺不落后（于曲线）的标志。所以这是一个强有力的举措。 I think it's about we come into this with a policy position that was put in place. As you know, I mentioned in July of 2023 which was a time of high inflation and very low unemployment, we've been very patient about reducing the policy rate. We've waited. Other central banks around the world have cut many of them several times. We've waited, and I think that that patience has really paid dividends in the form of our confidence that inflation is moving sustainably under 2% so I think that is what enables us to take this strong move today. 我认为，关键在于我们以既定的政策立场来应对这一问题。如你所知，我提到，2023 年 7 月是高通胀和低失业率时期，我们一直非常耐心地等待降低政策利率的时机。我们一直在等待。世界各地的其他央行已经多次降息，但美联储一直在等待，我认为这种耐心确实带来了回报，我们有信心通胀率将持续低于 2%，所以我认为这就是我们今天能够采取这一有力举措的原因。 I do not think that anyone should look at this and say, Oh, this is the new pace. You know, you have to think about it in terms of the base case. Of course, what happens will happen. So in the base case, what you see is, look at the SEP you see cuts moving along. The sense of this is we're recalibrating policy down over time to a more neutral level, and we're moving at the pace that we think is appropriate given developments in the economy. And the base case, the economy can develop in a way that would cause us to go faster or slower, but that's what the base case says. 我认为，任何人都不应该看到这一点就说，哦，（降息 50 个基点）这是新的节奏。你知道，你必须从基本场景的角度来考虑。当然，该发生的事总会发生。所以在基本情况下，你看到的是，看看 SEP，你会看到降息在进行。这意味着我们正在随着时间的推移将政策重新调整到更中性的水平，我们正在以我们认为适合经济发展的步伐前进。在基本场景下，经济发展的方式可能会导致我们走得更快或更慢，但这就是基本场景所说的。 问题 7： If I could follow up on the balance sheet in 2019 when you did the mid cycle adjustment, you ceased the balance sheet runoff with a larger cut. Today, is there any should there be any signal inferred about how the committee would approach end state on the balance sheet policy? 有关 2019 年的资产负债表，当时您进行了中期周期调整，停止了资产负债表缩减，并进行了更大的降息。今天，是否有任何信号可以推断委员会将如何处理资产负债表政策的最终状态？ 回答 7： So in the current situation, reserves have really been stable. They haven't come down. So reserves are still abundant and expected to remain so for some time. As you know, the shrinkage in our balance sheet has really come out of the overnight. RFP, so I think what that tells you is we're not thinking about stopping runoff because of this at all. We know that these two things can happen side by side, in a sense, they're both a form of normalization. And so for a time, you can have the balance sheet shrink, you would also be cutting rates. 因此，在当前情况下，银行储备金确实很稳定。它们没有下降。因此储备金仍然充足，预计还会持续一段时间。如您所知，我们的资产负债表的缩减确实是一夜之间发生的。我们根本没有考虑会停止缩表。我们知道这两件事（降息 + 缩表）可以同时发生，从某种意义上说，它们都是一种正常化形式。因此，在一段时间内，您可以缩减资产负债表，同时还可以降低利率。 问题 8： just following up on rising unemployment, is it your view that this is just a function of a normalizing labor market? amid improved supply, or is there anything to suggest that something more concerning, perhaps is taking place here given that other metrics of labor demand have softened. is do you not? Why should we not expect a further deterioration in labor market conditions if policy is still restricted? 跟进失业率上升的问题，您是否认为这只是劳动力市场正常化的结果？供应增加，还是有什么迹象表明，鉴于劳动力需求的其他指标已经减弱，也许正在发生更令人担忧的事情？您不这么认为吗？如果利率政策仍然具有限制性，为什么我们不应该预期劳动力市场状况会进一步恶化？ 回答 8： So I think what we're seeing is clearly labor market conditions have cooled off by any measure, as I talked about in Jackson Hole and but they're still at a level. The level of those conditions is actually pretty close to what I would call maximum employment, you know. So you're close to mandate, maybe at mandate on that. So what's driving it? Clearly, payroll job creation has moved down over the last few months, and this bears watching, meant by many other measures, the labor market has returned to or below 2019 levels, which was a very good, strong labor market, but this is more sort of 2018、2017. So the labor market bears close watching, and we'll be giving it that but ultimately, we think, we believe, with an appropriate recalibration of our policy that we can continue to see the economy growing and that will support the labor market in the meantime, if you look at the growth and economic activity data, retail sales data that we just got, second quarter GDP, all of this indicates an economy that is still growing at a solid pace, So that should also support the labor market over time. 很明显，无论以何种标准衡量，劳动力市场状况都已经降温，就像我在杰克逊霍尔会议上谈到的那样，但它们仍然处于一定水平。这些条件的水平实际上非常接近我所说的充分就业。所以接近美联储的法定使命，也许已经达到法定使命了。那么是什么推动了它呢？显然，就业岗位创造在过去几个月有所下降，这值得关注，从许多其他指标来看，劳动力市场已经回到或低于 2019 年的水平，当时是一个非常好、强劲的劳动力市场，但现在更像是 2018 年、2017 年的情况。因此，劳动力市场需要密切关注，我们也会给予关注，但最终，我们相信，通过适当调整政策，我们可以继续看到经济增长，这将支持劳动力市场，与此同时，如果你看看增长和经济活动数据、我们刚刚得到的零售额数据、第二季度的 GDP，所有这些都表明美国经济仍在稳步增长，因此这也应该会随着时间的推移支持劳动力市场。 So, but again we're watching, and just on the point about starting to see rising layoffs. If that were to happen, wouldn't the committee already be too late in terms of avoiding a recession? 追问：所以，我们再次关注，并且正值裁员人数开始上升之际。如果发生这种情况，委员会在避免经济衰退方面是否已经太迟了？ So we're, that's, you know, our plan, of course, has been to begin to recalibrate, and we're not seeing rising claims, we're not seeing rising layoffs, we're not seeing that, and we're not hearing that from companies that that's something that's getting ready to happen. So we're not waiting for that because, you know, there is thinking that the time to support the labor market is when it's strong, and not when you begin to see the White House. There's some more on that. So that's the situation we're in. We have, in fact, begun the cutting cycle now, and we'll be watching, and that will be one of the factors that we consider. Of course, we're going to look at the totality of the data as we make these decisions, meeting by meeting. 我们的计划当然是开始重新调整政策，我们没有看到失业救济申请数量上升，也没有看到裁员人数上升，也没有听到公司说这些事情即将发生。所以我们不会等待，因为，有人认为，支持劳动力市场的最佳时机是当它强劲时。关于这一点，还有更多内容。这就是我们所处的情况。事实上，我们现在已经开始了降息周期，我们会密切关注（劳动力市场降温），这将是我们考虑的因素之一。当然，在每次会议上，我们都会查看所有数据，然后做出这些决定。 问题 9：what would constitute for you and the committee a deterioration in the labor market you're pricing in, basically, by the end of next year, 200 basis points of cuts just to maintain a higher unemployment Rate. Would you be moving to a more preemptive monetary policy style, rather than, as you did with inflation, waiting until the data gave you a signal 什么会对您和委员会构成「劳动力市场的恶化」？您认为，到明年底，降息 200 个基点只是为了维持较高的失业率。您会采取更具先发制人的货币政策风格吗？而不是像您在通胀问题上所做的那样，等到数据给您一个信号再行动。 回答 9： we're going to be watching all of the data, right? So if, as I mentioned in my remarks, if the labor market were to slow unexpectedly, then we have the ability to react to that by cutting faster. We're also going to be looking at our other mandate. Though we have greater confidence now that inflation is moving down to 2% but at the same time, our plan is that we will be at 2% over time. So and policy we think is still restrictive, so that should still be happening. 我们会关注所有数据，因此，如果劳动力市场意外放缓，我们有能力通过加快降息来应对。我们还将关注另一个通胀的使命。虽然我们现在更有信心通胀率正降到 2%，但与此同时，我们的计划是随着时间的推移通胀率将达到 2%。因此，我们认为政策仍然具有限制性，因此应该仍会如此。 I'm just curious as to how sensitive you'll be to the labor market, since you forecast we are going to see higher unemployment, and it is going to take a significant amount of monetary easing to just maintain it. 追问：我只是好奇您对劳动力市场的敏感度如何，因为您预测我们将会看到更高的失业率，而且需要大量的货币宽松政策才能维持这种状态。 So you know what I would say is we don't think we need to see further losing in labor market conditions to get inflation down to 2% but we have a dual mandate. And I think you can take this, this whole action as takes take a step back. What have we been trying to achieve? We're trying to achieve a situation where we restore price stability without the kind of painful increase in unemployment that has come sometimes with disinflation. That's what we're trying to do, and I think you can take today's action as a sign of our strong commitment to achieve that goal. 我想说的是，我们认为我们不需要看到劳动力市场状况进一步恶化来把通胀率降至 2%，但我们有双重使命。我认为你可以把这整个行动看作是退一步思考。我们一直在努力实现什么目标？我们正努力实现一种局面，即恢复价格稳定，而不会出现有时伴随通货紧缩而来的那种痛苦的失业率上升。这就是我们正在努力做的事情，我认为你可以把今天的行动看作是我们实现这一目标的坚定承诺的标志。 问题 10：You're describing this view that you don't think you're behind when it comes to the job market. Can you walk us through the specific data points that you found to be most helpful in the discussions at this meeting? You mentioned a couple, but would you be able to walk us through what that dashboard told you as far as what you know about the job market now? 您描述了这种观点，即美联储认为自己在就业市场方面并不落后。能向我们介绍一下您认为在本次会议讨论中最有帮助的具体数据点吗？您提到了几个，当前就业市场还有哪些信息去关注？ 回答 10： Sure. So start with unemployment, which is the single most important one. Probably you're at 4.2% that's, you know, I know that's higher than we were. We were used to seeing numbers in the mid and even below mid threes last year. But if you look back over the sweep of the years, that's a low, that's a very healthy unemployment rate. And anything in the low fours is, A, really, is a good labor market. So that's one thing. Participation is at high levels, it's, you know, we've had, we're right adjusted for demographics, for aging, participation, said, at pretty high levels, that's a good thing. Wages are still a bit above what would be their wage increases. Rather, are still just a bit above where they would be over the very longer term to be consistent with 2% inflation, but they're very much coming down to what that sustainable level is. So we feel good about that. Vacancies over per unemployed is back to what is still a very strong level. It's not as high as it was. That number reached two to one, two vacancies for every unemployed person as measured, it's now around one, but that's still, that's still a very good number. I would say quits have come back down to normal levels. I mean, that could go on and on there. 首先是失业率，这是最重要的一个因素。失业率 4.2% 比去年要高，过去失业率在 3% 的中段或更低，如果回顾这些年，你会发现这是一个很低、非常健康的失业率。任何低于 4% 的失业率都表明劳动力市场状况良好。这是一方面。就业参与率处于高水平，我们已经根据人口统计学、老龄化等因素进行了调整，就业参与率处于相当高的水平，这是件好事。工资仍略高于应有的工资增长水平，更确切地说，仍略高于与 2% 通胀率保持一致的长期工资增长水平，但它们正在逐渐降至可持续水平。所以我们对此感到满意。每名失业人员对应的空缺职位数下降，但仍是非常强劲的水平，没有以前那么高了，以前达到二比一，即每名失业者对应两个职位空缺，现在大约是一比一，这仍是一个非常好的数字。辞职率已经回落到正常水平，这种情况可能会一直持续下去。 There are many, many employment indicators. What do they say? They say this is still a solid labor market. The question isn't the level. The question is that there has been change over, particularly over the last few months, and you know, so what we say is, as the upside risk to inflation have really come down, the downside risk to employment have increased , and because we have been patient and held our fire on cutting wall inflate While inflation has come down. I think we're now in a very good position to manage the risks to both of our goals. 就业指标有很多。它们怎么说呢？它们说这仍然是一个稳固的劳动力市场。问题不在于水平。问题在于，特别是在过去几个月里，情况发生了变化，所以我们说，随着通胀的上行风险确实下降，就业的下行风险增加了，因为我们一直保持耐心，在通胀下降的同时，控制通胀。我认为我们现在处于非常有利的位置，可以管理我们两个使命各自面临的风险。 And what do you expect to learn between now and November that will help inform the scale of the cut of the next meeting? 追问：您期望从现在到 11 月之间了解到哪些信息，以协助确定下次会议的降息幅度？ You know, more data. The usual. Don't look for anything else. We'll see another labor report. We'll see another jobs report. I think we get. We actually, we could to, we get a second jobs report on the day of the meeting. I think, no, no, on the Friday before the meeting. So and inflation data we'll get, we'll get all this data we'll be watching. You know, it's always a question of, look at the incoming data and ask, what are the implications of that data for the evolving outlook and the balance of risks? And then go through our process and think, what's the right thing to do? Is policy where we want it to be, to foster the achievement of our goals over time. So that's what it is, and that's what we'll be doing. 你知道，更多的数据。和往常一样。不要再寻找其他东西了。我们将看到两份劳动力报告，我们还将获得通胀数据，即所有这些我们将关注的数据。你知道，这总是一个问题，看看传入的数据，并问，这些数据对不断变化的前景和风险平衡有何影响？然后通过我们的流程思考，什么是正确的做法？政策是否符合我们的期望，是否有助于实现我们的目标。所以这就是我们要做的。 问题 11：we've only been running a little above 100,000 jobs a month on payrolls last three months. Do you view that level of job creation as worrying or alarming, or would you be would you be content if we were to kind of stick at that level? And relatedly, one of the welcome trends over the last couple of years has been labor market steam coming out through job openings, falling rather than job losses. Do you think that trend has further to run? Or do you see risk that further labor market cooling will have to come through job losses? 过去三个月，我们每月新增就业岗位仅略高于 10 万个。您认为这种就业岗位增加水平令人担忧或发出警报吗？或者，如果我们一直保持这种水平，您会感到满意吗？与此相关的是，过去几年中令人欣喜的趋势之一是劳动力市场热度通过职位空缺释放出来，而不是职位减少。您认为这种趋势会持续下去吗？或者，您是否认为劳动力市场进一步降温的风险将不得不通过职位减少来实现？ 回答 11： So on the job creation, it depends on the inflows, right? So if you're having millions of people come into the labor force then, and you're creating 100,000 jobs, you're going to see unemployment go up. So it really depends on what's the trend underlying the volatility of people coming into the country. We understand there's been quite an influx across the borders, and that has actually been one of the things that's allowed unemployment rate to rise as and the other thing is just the slower hiring rate, which is something we also watch carefully. So it does depend on what's happening on the supply side and on the curve. 就业创造取决于人口流入就业市场，所以，如果有数百万人进入劳动力市场，而且只创造了 10 万个就业岗位，那么失业率就会上升。所以，这实际上取决于流入该国的人口波动背后的趋势。我们知道跨境移民流入量相当大，这实际上是导致失业率上升的原因之一，另一个因素是招聘速度放缓，这也是我们密切关注的因素。所以，这确实取决于供应方面和供需曲线的情况。 So we all felt on the committee, not all, but I think everyone on the committee felt that job openings were so elevated that they could fall a long way before you hit the part of the curve where job openings turned into higher unemployment, job loss. And yes, I mean, I think we are. It's hard to know that. You can't know these things with great precision, but certainly it appears that we're very close to that point, if not at it so that further declines in job openings will translate more directly into into unemployment. But it's been, it's been a great ride down. I mean, we've seen a lot of of tightness come out of the labor market in that form without it resulting in lower employment. 因此，我认为委员会的每个人都认为，职位空缺数量如此之高，所以可以长时间下降直到传导称更高的失业率上升。很难知道何时达到这一点。你不可能非常准确地知道这些事情，但可以肯定的是，我们非常接近那个点，甚至现在都可能就在这个点上了，那么职位空缺的进一步减少将更直接地转化为失业。但这是一个巨大的下降过程。我的意思是，我们已经看到劳动力市场以这种形式缓解了很多紧张局面，但并没有导致就业率下降。 问题 12：so we've heard some speculation that you may be going with the federal funds rate to three and a half, maybe under 4% and there's basically an entire generation that has experienced zero or near zero federal fund rate as something we're heading in that direction. Again. What's the likelihood that cheap money is now the norm? 我们听到一些猜测，称联邦基金利率可能会降至 3.5%，也许低于 4%，而基本上整整一代人都经历过零或接近零的联邦基金利率，我们正朝着这个方向前进。廉价货币 / 超低利率重新成为常态的可能性有多大？ 回答 12： So this is a question. You mean, after we get through all of this, it's just great question that we just we can only speculate about. Intuitively, most many, many people anyway, would say we're probably not going back to that era where there were trillions of dollars of sovereign bonds trading at negative rates, long term bonds trading at negative rates. And it looked like the neutral rate was might even be negative. So there was people were issuing debt, issuing debt at negative rates. It seems that's so far away. Now, my own sense is that that we're not going back to that, but you know, honestly, we're going to find out. But you know, it feels, it feels to me and that the neutral rate is is probably significantly higher than it was back then. How high is it? I just don't think we know it's again, we only know it by its works. 我们只能对此进行推测。直觉上，大多数人会说，我们可能不会回到那个时代，当地有数万亿美元的主权债券以负利率交易，长期债券以负利率交易，而且当时看起来中性利率甚至可能为负。所以有人在以负利率发行债务。这似乎距离现在已经很遥远了。我的感觉是我们不会回到那个时代，我感觉中性利率可能比当时高得多。它有多高？我也不知道，只能通过它的工作来了解它。 One more, how do you respond to the criticism that will likely come that a deeper rate cut now before the election, has some political motivations. 追问：还有一个问题，您如何回应可能出现的批评，即在选举前大幅降息是出于某些政治动机？ Yeah, so, you know, this is my fourth presidential election at the at the Fed, and you know, it's always the same. We're always, we're always going into this meeting in particular and asking, what's the right thing to do for the people we serve. And we do that, and we make a decision as a group, and then we announce it, and it's that's always what it is. It's never about anything else. Nothing else is discussed. And I would also point out that the things that we do really affect economic conditions for the most part with with a lag. So nonetheless, this is what we do. Our job is to support the economy on behalf of the American people, and if we get it right, this will benefit the American people significantly. So this really concentrates the mind, and it's something we all take very, very seriously. We don't put up any other filters. I think if you start doing that, I don't know where you stop. And so we just want to do that. 这是我在美联储第四次经历美国总统大选，你知道，总是一样。我们总是问自己，对我们服务的美国人民​​来说，什么是正确的事情。我们这样做，我们作为一个团体做出决定，然后我们宣布它，它总是如此。它从不涉及其他任何事情。没有其他讨论。我还要指出的是，我们所做的事情确实在很大程度上影响了经济状况，而且存在滞后效果。所以尽管如此，这就是我们的工作。我们的工作是代表美国人民支持经济，如果我们做对了，这将极大地造福美国人民。所以这真的让我们集中注意力，这是我们都非常非常重视的事情。我们没有设置任何其他过滤器。否则如果你开始这样做，我不知道你会在哪里停下来。 问题 13：My first question is,very simply, what message are you trying to send American consumers, the American people with this unusually large rate cut? 我的第一个问题很简单：通过这次不同寻常的大幅降息，您想向美国消费者、美国人民传达什么信息？ 回答 13： I would just say that, you know, the US economy is in a good place and and our decision today is designed to keep it there. More specifically, the economy is growing at a solid pace. Inflation is coming down closer to our 2% objective over time, and the labor market is is still in solid shape. So our intention is really to maintain the strength that we currently see in the US economy, and we'll do that by returning rates from their high level, which has really been the purpose of which has been to get inflation under control. We're going to move those down over time to a more normal level over time, 我只想说，美国经济状况良好，我们今天的决定旨在保持这种状况。更具体地说，经济正在稳步增长。随着时间的推移，通胀正在下降接近我们 2% 的目标，劳动力市场仍然状况良好。所以我们的意图实际上是保持我们目前看到的美国经济的强劲势头，我们将通过把利率从高位拉低来实现这一目标，保持利率高位的目的是控制通胀。我们将随着时间推移将利率降至更正常的水平。 just a follow up to that, listening to you talk about inflation moving meaningfully down to 2% is the Federal Reserve effectively declaring a decisive victory over inflation and rising prices. 追问：听您谈论通胀率大幅下降至 2%，这实际上意味着美联储在对抗通胀和物价上涨方面取得了决定性的胜利吗？ No, we're not so inflation. You know what we say is we want inflation. The goal is to have inflation move down to 2% on a sustainable basis. And, you know, we're not really, we're close, but we're not really at 2% and I think we're going to want to see it be, you know, around 2% and close to 2% for some time, but we're certainly not doing, we're not we're not saying mission accomplished or anything like that. But I have to say, though we're encouraged by the progress that we have made. 不，我们不会那么担心通胀。我们想要（一定程度的）通货膨胀。目标是让通胀率可持续地降至 2%。但我们现在没有真正达到 2%，可能会在一段时间内接近 2%，所以我们不会说（抗击通胀的）任务已经完成了这种话。但我必须说，我们对所取得的进展感到鼓舞。 问题 14： 我只是想知道委员会如何看待我们所看到的持续的住房通胀，您认为住房通胀率这么高，整体通胀能回到 2% 目标吗？ 回答 14： Yeah, so housing inflation is the is the one piece that is kind of dragging a bit. If I can say we know that market rents are doing what we would want them to do, which is to be moving up at relatively low levels, but they're not rolling over that the leases that are rolling over are not coming down as much, and OER is coming in high. So, you know, it's been slower than we expected. I think we now understand that it's going to take some time for those lower market rents to get into this. But, you know, the direction of travel is clear, and as long as market rents remain, you know, relatively low inflation over time that will show up just the time it's taking now, several years, rather than just one or two cycles of of annual lease renewals. So that's, I think we understand that now, I don't think the outcome is in doubt again. As long as market rents remain under control, the outcome is not as in doubt. So I would say it's the rest of the rest of the portfolio, of the elements that go into core, PCE, inflation or have behaved pretty well. You know, they're all they all have some volatility. We will get down to 2% inflation, I believe, and I believe that ultimately, we'll get what we need to get out of the housing services piece too, some of your colleagues have experienced concern. 是的，住房通胀是一个有点拖累的因素。不过现在市场租金正在做我们希望它们做的事情，即在相对较低的水平增长，但是续约房屋的租金并没有下降那么多，而 OER 却很高。所以，住房通胀降温的速度比我们预期要慢。我认为我们现在明白，那些较低的市场租金需要一段时间才能发挥作用。但是，前进的方向是明确的，只要市场租金保持相对较低的通胀，随着时间推移，拉低通胀的效果就会显现出来，这需要几年，而不仅仅是一两个年度租约续签周期。所以，我不会因此质疑通胀降温。只要市场租金保持受控，结果就不会有疑问，另外，经济数据的其他部分，包括核心 PCE 通胀等表现都相当不错。你知道，它们都有一定的波动性。我相信，我们的通胀率会降到 2%，我相信，最终，我们也会从住房服务部分获得所需的收益。 It's hard to gain that out. The housing market is in part frozen because of lock in with low rates. People don't want to sell their homes, so because they have a very low mortgage to be quite expensive to refinance. As rates come down, people will start to move more, and that's probably beginning to happen already. But remember, when that happens, you've got a you've got a seller, but you've also got a new buyer, in many cases. So it's not, you know, obvious how much additional demand that would make me the real issue with housing is that we have had and are on track to continue to have not enough housing. And so it's going to be challenging. It's hard to find to zone lots that are in places where people want to live. It's all of the aspects of housing are more and more difficult. And you know, where are we going to get the supply? And this is not something that the Fed can can really fix, but I think as we normalize rates, you'll see the housing market normalize. And I mean ultimately, by getting inflation broadly down and getting those rates normalized and getting the housing housing cycle normalized, that's the best thing we can do for householders. And then the supply question will have to be dealt with by the market and also by government. 甚至，你知道，这种情况发生的可能性有多大？你会如何应对房地产市场？很难知道。房地产市场（的供应量）在一定程度上被之前人们锁定的低利率所冻结。人们不想卖掉他们的房子，因为他们的抵押贷款利率很低，而再融资的成本相当高。随着利率下降，人们将开始更多地搬家，这可能已经开始发生了。但请记住，当这种情况发生时，你有一个卖家，但在很多情况下，你也会有一个新买家。所以，你知道，有多少额外的需求会让我感到不明显。住房的真正问题是，我们已经拥有并将继续拥有不足的住房供应。所以这将是一个挑战。很难找到人们想住的地方的分区地块。住房的所有方面都越来越困难。你知道，我们要从哪里获得供应？这不是美联储能够真正解决的问题，但我认为随着利率正常化，你会看到房地产市场正常化。我的意思是，最终，通过降低通货膨胀率、使利率正常化、使住房周期正常化，这是我们能为家庭做的最好的事情。然后，供应问题必须由市场和政府来解决。 问题 15：Just following up on some of the labor market talk earlier. You know, monetary policy operates with long and variable lags, and I'm wondering how much you see being able to keep the unemployment rate from rate right raising too much comes from the fact that you're starting to act now, and that's going to give people more room to run, versus just the labor market is strong. And then also, if I could following up on next question, do you see today's 50 basis point move as partially a response to the fact that you didn't cut in July, and that sort of gets you to the same place. 货币政策的运作具有长期和可变的滞后性，我想知道你认为能够阻止失业率上升太多的程度有多大，这要归功于你现在开始采取行动，这将给人们更多的回旋余地，而不是仅仅因为劳动力市场强劲。然后，如果我可以跟进下一个问题，你是否认为今天降息 50 个基点是对你在 7 月没有降息这一事实的回应和补偿？ 回答 15： So you're right about lags, but I would just point to the overall economy. You have an economy that is growing at a at a solid pace. If you look at forecasters or talk to companies, they'll say that they think 2025 should be a good year too. So there's no sense in the US economy. Basically fine, if you talk to market participants. I mean, I mean, you know, business people who are actually out there doing business. So I think, you know, I think we, I think our move is timely. I do. And as I said, you can, you can see our, our our 50 basis point move as as a commitment to make sure that we don't fall behind. So you're really asking about your second question. You're asking about July. And I guess if you, if you ask, you know, if we gotten the July report before the meeting, would we have cut we might well of we didn't make that decision, but you know that we might well have, I think that's not, you know, that doesn't really answer the question that we ask ourselves, which is, let's look, you know, when at this meeting, we're looking back to the July employment report, the August employment report, the two CPI reports, one of which came, of course, during blackout, and all the other things that I mentioned, we're looking at all of those things and we're asking ourselves, what's the right what's our what's the policy stance we need to move to? We knew it's clear that we clearly, literally everyone on the committee agreed that it's time to move. It's just how big, how fast you go, and what do you think about the pass forward? So this decision we made today had broad support on the committee, and I've discussed the path ahead. Elizabeth, 你对滞后的看法是对的，但我只想指出整体经济。美国经济正在稳步增长。如果你看看预测者或与公司交谈，他们会说他们认为 2025 年也应该是好年头。所以美国经济基本上没问题。我认为我们的举措是及时的。你可以把我们的 50 个基点调整看作是一种承诺，以确保我们不会落后。如果在 7 月份 FOMC 会议前拿到当月非农数据，我们当时是否会降息呢，可能会，但是我认为这并没有真正回答我们问自己的问题，那就是，让我们看看，在这次会议上，我们回顾了 7 月份的就业报告、8 月份的就业报告、两份 CPI 报告，其中一份是在静默期内发布的，以及我提到的所有其他事情，我们正在研究所有这些事情，我们在问自己，什么是正确的，我们需要采取什么样的政策立场？我们知道，很明显，委员会中的每个人都同意是时候采取行动了。只是规模有多大，速度有多快，你对未来利率路径有什么看法？所以我们今天做出的这个决定得到了委员会的广泛支持，我已经讨论了未来的道路。 问题 16：mortgage rates have already been dropping in anticipation of this announcement. How much more should borrowers expect those rates to drop over the next year? 按揭抵押贷款利率已经在预期降息时就下降了。预计明年这些利率还会下降多少？ 回答 16： Very hard for me to say that's from our standpoint. I can, I can't really speak the mortgage rates. I will say, you know, that will depend on on how the economy evolves. Our our intention, though, is we think that our policy was appropriately restrictive. We think that it's time to begin the process of recalibrating it to a level that's more neutral, rather than restricted. We expect that process to take some time, as you can see in the projections that we released today, and as if things work out according to that forecast, other rates in the economy will come down as well. However, the rate at which those things happen will really depend on how the economy performs. We can't see, we can't look a year ahead and know what the economy is to be doing. 从我们的角度来看，我很难说。我不能真正谈论抵押贷款利率。我会说，这取决于经济如何发展。但我们的意图是，我们认为我们的政策是适当的有限制性。我们认为是时候开始将其重新调整到更中性而不是维持限制性的水平了。我们预计这个过程需要一些时间，正如你在我们今天发布的预测中所看到的，如果事情按照预测发展，经济中的其他利率也会下降。然而，这些事情发生的速度实际上取决于经济的表现。我们无法看到，我们无法展望一年后的经济情况。 What's your message to households who are frustrated that home prices have still stayed so high as rates have been high? What do you say to those households? 追问：对于那些因为利率居高不下而房价居高不下的家庭，您有什么话要说？ Well, I can what I can say to the public is that we had the highest we had a burst of inflation.Many other countries around the world had had a similar burst of inflation. And when that happens, part of the answer is that we raise interest rates in order to cool the economy off in order to reduce inflationary pressures. It's not something that people experience as pleasant, but at the end, what you get is low inflation restored. Price stability, restored. And a good definition of price stability is that people in their daily decisions, they're not thinking about inflation anymore. That's where everyone wants to be, is back to what's inflation, you know, just keep it low, keep it stable. We're restoring that. So what we're going through now, really, it restores it will benefit people over a long period of time. Price stability benefits everybody over a long period of time, just by virtue of the fact that they don't have to deal with inflation. So that's what's been going on. And I think we've made real progress. I completely we don't tell people how to think about the economy, of course, and of course, people are experiencing high prices, as opposed to high inflation, and we understand that's painful. 我可以告诉公众的是，我们经历了最高的通货膨胀，世界上许多其他国家也经历过类似的通货膨胀。当这种情况发生时，部分解决办法是我们提高利率，以便冷却经济，从而减少通胀压力。这不是人们会感到愉快的事情，但最终，我们得到的是恢复低通胀。恢复价格稳定。价格稳定的一个好定义是，人们在日常决策中不再考虑通货膨胀。这就是每个人都希望的，即保持通胀在低位和稳定。我们正在恢复这种状态。所以我们现在正在经历的，真的，恢复这种状态将在很长一段时间内使人们受益。价格稳定在很长一段时间内使每个人都受益，因为他们不必应对通货膨胀。这就是正在发生的事情。我认为我们已经取得了真正的进步。我完全不会告诉人们应该如何看待经济，当然，人们正在经历高物价，而不是高通胀，我们理解这是痛苦的。 问题 17：I was wondering if you could go through you said just at the beginning that coming into the blackout, there was like an open thought of 25 or 50. You know, the fact that we're either 25 or 50, I would sort of argue that when we had those two last speeches by Governor Waller and New York President John Williams, that they were, they were sort of saying that maybe a gradual approach was going to win the day. I mean, I sort of want to ask a seven part question about this. But I mean, could you talk, would you have cut rates by 50 basis points if the market had been pricing in, like, low odds of a 50 point move, like they were last Wednesday. You know, after the CPI number came out, there's a really small probability of a 50 point cut. Does it play playing your consideration at all. 美联储官员刚进入公开讲话的静默期时，人们对于降息 25 个基点还是 50 个基点持开放态度。理事沃勒和纽约联储主席威廉姆斯的讲话也说渐进式降息会占上风。如果市场定价的是不太可能降息 50 个基点，您这次还会大幅降息吗？市场的定价押注是否影响到美联储的决策？ 回答 17： Thank you. We're always going to try to do what we think is the right thing for the economy at that time. That's what we'll do, and that's what we did today. 我们总是会尽力做我们认为对当时的经济有利的事情。这就是我们要做的，也是我们今天所做的。 问题 18：you've mentioned how closely you're watching the labor market, but you also noted that payroll numbers have been a little bit less reliable lately because of the big downward revisions. Does that put your focus overwhelmingly on the unemployment rate? And given the SEP projection of 4.4 basically being the peak in the cycle, would going above that be the kind of thing that would trigger another 50 basis point cut. 您提到过您密切关注劳动力市场，但您也指出，由于遭遇大幅下修，最近就业人数的可靠性有所下降。这是否意味着您的注意力主要集中在失业率上？鉴于 SEP 预测的 4.4% 基本上是周期中的失业率峰值，超过这一水平是否会引发另一次 50 个基点的大幅降息？ 回答 18： So we will continue to look at that broad array of labor market data, including the payroll numbers. We're not discarding those. I mean, we'll certainly look at those, but we will mentally tend to adjust them based on the Q, C, E, W adjustment, which you referred to. There isn't a bright line, you know, it will be the light that the unemployment rate's very important, of course, but there isn't a single statistic or a single bright line over which that thing that might move, that would dictate one thing or another. We'll look at each meeting, we'll look at all the data on inflation, economic activity and the labor market, and we'll make decisions about is our policy stance where it needs to be to, you know, to foster over the medium term, our mandate goals. Yeah, so I can't, I can't say we, we have a bright line in mind. 我们将继续关注广泛的劳动力市场数据，包括非农就业。我们不会放弃这些数据。我的意思是，我们肯定会关注这些数据，但我们在心理上会倾向于根据您提到的 QCEW 调整来调整它们。没有一条明确的界线，当然，失业率非常重要，但没有一个统计数据或一条明确的界线可以决定这件事或那件事。我们会在每次会议上，查看有关通货膨胀、经济活动和劳动力市场的所有数据，并决定我们的政策立场，以便在中期内促进我们的授权使命。所以我不能说我们心中有一条明确的界线。 问题 19：I know that you discussed earlier how the Fed does whatever the right thing is and nothing else factors in. But in general, can you talk about whether or not you believe a sitting US president should have a say in fed decisions on interest rates? Because that's something that former President Trump, who obviously points of view, has previously, suggested, and I know the Fed is designed to be independent, but why can you tell the public why you view that so important? 我知道您之前讨论过美联储会做正确的事情，其他因素都不考虑。但总的来说，您能否谈谈您是否认为现任美国总统应该对美联储的利率决策有发言权？因为这是前总统特朗普之前提出的，他显然有自己的观点，我知道美联储的设计初衷是独立的，但您为什么能告诉公众您认为这一点如此重要呢？ 回答 19： Sure, so countries that are democracies around the world, countries that are sort of like the United States, all have what are called independent central banks. And the reason is that that people have found, over time, that insulating the central bank from direct control by political authorities avoids making monetary policy in a way that that favors, maybe people who are in office as opposed to people who are not in office. So that that's, that's the idea, is that, you know, I think the data are clear that countries that have independent central banks, they get lower inflation. And so we're, you know, we're not, we do our work to serve all Americans. We're not serving any politician, any political figure, any cause, any issue, nothing. It's just maximum employment and price stability on behalf of all Americans, and that's how the other central banks are set up to it. It's a good institutional arrangement which has been good for the public, and I hope and strongly, strongly believe that it will. You know, continue. 当然，像美国这样的民主国家都有所谓的独立央行。原因是，随着时间推移，人们发现，将央行与政治当局的直接控制隔离开来，可以避免制定仅仅有利于在位者的货币政策。这就是我们的想法，我认为数据清楚地表明，拥有独立央行的国家通胀率较低。所以我们的工作是为了服务所有美国人。我们不为任何政客、任何政治人物、任何事业、任何议题服务，什么都不为。我们只是为所有美国人实现最大化就业和价格稳定，其他央行就是这样建立的。这是一个对公众有利的良好制度安排，我希望并坚信它会继续下去。 问题 20：a couple regulatory developments in the past week that I want to ask you about. First last week, Vice Chair for supervision, Michael Barr outlined his views for the changes to the Basel three end game. I'm wondering if you are in line with him on those changes should be if those have support the board in a broad way that you're looking for, and if you think the other agencies are also fully on board with that approach 我想问您关于过去一周的几个监管发展。首先，上周美联储负责监管的副主席 Michael Barr 概述了他对巴塞尔协议三监管规则变更的看法。我想知道您是否同意他的观点，是否其他机构也完全支持这种方法？ 回答 20： So the answer to your question is that, yes, those those changes were negotiated between the agencies with my support and with my involvement, with the idea that we were going to re propose, we propose the changes that we, that Vice Chair Barr talked about, and then take comment on them. So yes, that that is, you know, that's happening with my support. That's not a final proposal, though. You understand, we're putting them out for comment. We're going to take comment and make appropriate changes that we don't have a, we don't have a calendar date for that. And as for the other agencies, you know, the idea is that we're all moving together. We're not moving separately. So that I don't, I don't know exactly where that is, but the idea is that we will move as a group to put this again out for comment, and then, you know, it'll, it'll come the comments will come back 60 days later, and we'll dive into them, and we'll try to bring this to a conclusion sometime in the first half of next year. 对你问题的回答是「是的」，这些变化是在我支持和参与下由各机构协商达成的，我们的想法是重新提出，我们提出巴尔副主席谈到的变化，然后征求意见。所以是的，那是在我的支持下发生的。但这不是最终提案。你知道，我们正在征求意见。我们将征求意见并做出适当的改变，但我们没有具体的日期。至于其他机构，你知道，我们的想法是我们都一起行动。我们不会分开行动。所以我不知道具体在哪里，但我们的想法是，我们将作为一个团队再次将这个问题提出来征求意见，然后，你知道，60 天后我们会收到评论，我们会深入研究它们，并尝试在明年上半年的某个时候得出结论。 Then yesterday, there were merger reform finalizations from the other bank regulators. What does that have to do to align itself on merger? 追问：昨天，其他银行监管机构也敲定了合并改革方案。这对合并有什么影响？ You know, I would, I would bounce that question to Vice Chair Barr. It's a good question, but I don't have that today. Thanks Jennifer for the last question. 你知道，我会把这个问题转交给巴尔副主席。这是个好问题，但我今天没有答案。 问题 21：you said earlier that the decision today reflects with appropriate recalibration, strength in the labor market that can be maintained in the context of moderate growth, even though the policy statement says you view the risks to inflation and job growth as roughly balanced, given what you've said. Though today, I'm curious, are you more worried about the job market and growth than inflation? Are they not roughly balanced? 您之前说过，今天的决定反映了经过适当调整后，劳动力市场在温和增长的背景下仍能保持强劲，尽管政策声明中说，您认为通胀和就业增长的风险大致平衡，不过我很好奇，您是否更担心就业市场和增长而不是通胀？它们不是大致平衡的吗？ 回答 21： No, I think, I think, and we think they are now roughly balanced. So if you go back for a long time, the risks were on inflation. We had historically tight labor market, historically tight. There was a severe labor shortage, so very, very hot labor market, and we had inflation way above target. So you know that said to us, concentrate on inflation. Concentrate on inflation. And we did for a while, and we and we kept at that, that the stance that we put in place 14 months ago was a stance that was focused on bringing down inflation. Part of bringing down inflation, though, is is cooling off the economy, and a little bit cooling off the labor market. You now have a cooler labor market, in part because of of our activity. So what that tells you is it's time to change our stance. So we did that. The sense of the change in the stance is that we're recalibrating our policy over time to a stance that will be more neutral. And today was we, I think we made a good, strong start on that. I think it was the right decision, and I think it should send a signal that we, you know, that we're committed to coming up with a good outcome here, 不，我认为，而且我们认为现在它们大致平衡了。所以如果你回顾很长一段时间，风险在于通货膨胀过高。我们的劳动力市场处于历史性紧张时期。劳动力严重短缺，因此劳动力市场非常非常火爆，而且通货膨胀率远高于目标。所以你知道，这告诉我们，要集中精力应对通货膨胀。我们确实这样做了一段时间，并且我们一直坚持这样做，14 个月前我们制定的立场是专注于降低通货膨胀。然而，降低通货膨胀的一部分是冷却经济，以及稍微冷却劳动力市场。现在劳动力市场冷却了，部分原因是我们的活动。所以这告诉你是时候改变我们的立场了。所以我们这样做了。立场改变的意义在于，我们正在随着时间的推移重新调整我们的政策，使其立场更加中立。而今天，我认为我们在这方面取得了良好的开端。我认为这是正确的决定，我认为这应该发出一个信号，表明我们致力于达成一个好的结果。 to a shock now that could tip it into recession? 追问：大幅降息是否会令市场震惊并觉得经济衰退临近呢？ I don't think so. I don't there's as I look, well, let me look at it this way. I don't see anything in the economy right now that suggests that the likelihood of a recession, sorry, of a downturn is elevated. I Okay I don't see that, you see you see growth at a solid rate. You see inflation coming down and you see a labor market that's still at very solid levels. It's so, so I don't really see that now. 我不这么认为。目前，我没有看到任何迹象表明经济衰退的可能性增加。你看到经济增长率稳定。你看到通货膨胀率下降，你看到劳动力市场仍然处于非常稳定的水平。事实就是如此，所以我现在真的看不到这一点。