比特币交易构成(二)
梦的衣裳323
发表于 2023-1-6 15:55:36
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上篇介绍了交易结构、签名等,为了更直观的认识比特币,借助bitcoind演示手动构造并广播交易的完整过程。! L' c3 I5 j0 I% u
普通交易
1. 找出未花费的币(unspent output)" w" j6 ?. |) Z
通过命令:listunspent [minconf=1] [maxconf=9999999] ["address",...]列出某个地址未花费的币(交易),minconf/maxconf表示该笔收入交易的确认数范围,如果需要列出还未确认的交易,需将minconf设置为0。( E8 W8 r5 `' ^
执行:
bitcoind listunspent 0 100 '["1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3"]'
输出:
[
{' ?/ o3 I$ o( _5 m( ^: \( y
"txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156",
"vout" : 0,
"address" : "1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3",/ [& J4 K1 S1 R! ` H
"account" : "",# {3 P3 s6 z. y
"scriptPubKey" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac",
"amount" : 0.19900000,
"confirmations" : 1
}( q7 U4 _5 O$ X: O) P% e7 c
]& T# x3 R# A# }+ }& E, A* T
我们找到该地址的一个未花费交易,位于交易296ea7bf981b4499…9f0a41e589132156的第0个位置。
2. 创建待发送交易
创建待发送交易,由命令:createrawtransaction [{"txid":txid,"vout":n},...] {address:amount,...}来完成。我们将 0.1 BTC发送至 1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x ,并支付 0.0001 BTC做为矿工费。输入交易的额度为 0.199 ,输出为 0.1 + 0.0001 = 0.1001 ,那么还剩余: 0.199 - 0.1001 = 0.0989 ,将此作为找零发回给自己。6 d( X. O5 L3 P; F+ D2 V
执行:: a: {. K2 V# j$ w
bitcoind createrawtransaction \$ t V/ e: H# h$ k7 Y) m3 N- d
'[{"txid":"296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156","vout":0}]' \" R t% e! `- \3 W* M
'{"1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x":0.1, "1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3":0.0989}'. u2 q# T0 m# ^, s4 w
输出:! M+ m) c( A3 B3 P
010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000) |; ?/ u+ G4 E7 A3 S7 g
通过命令:decoderawtransaction ,可以将此段十六进制字符串解码。0 ?+ K0 K/ Z$ w' \6 P
执行:# n+ W) d2 m% |2 y# n$ W) N$ W, D
bitcoind decoderawtransaction '010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000'6 [: [8 Y# o& [
输出:' U/ C1 z! v3 z4 @8 {$ s
{! L5 U% Q- t7 h, _: {) n
"txid" : "54f773a3fdf7cb3292fc76b46c97e536348b3a0715886dbfd2f60e115fb3a8f0",# f5 e' I8 `. N9 r
"version" : 1,1 n4 C7 ]7 N2 l" \. Y
"locktime" : 0,
"vin" : [
{6 Y2 T8 W! I% d" Q# W) Y) Q6 U9 D
"txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156",
"vout" : 0,$ U+ u- X% y: ~' R- n
"scriptSig" : {& _$ }) P0 l4 f
"asm" : "",
"hex" : ""9 `; j; `; q# [) Q/ Z2 |
},
"sequence" : 4294967295. G" U0 b- c. k; z
}* d! P0 c. T6 M, u* J1 Q
],
"vout" : [
{
"value" : 0.10000000,
"n" : 0,
"scriptPubKey" : {$ a7 U$ ^- q. c( X5 ]( t$ D
"asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",; H# L0 T0 C1 G$ g1 h
"hex" : "76a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88ac",
"reqSigs" : 1,
"type" : "pubkeyhash",: `1 j+ o1 P# p9 a" t G1 x
"addresses" : [
"1Q8s4qDRbCbFypG5AFNR9tFC57PStkPX1x"
]1 _4 ?! M9 Z7 s5 q7 w
}
},* K, w" ^) w: ]
{0 C8 b+ v2 q& [3 [
"value" : 0.09890000,( R9 V4 G- |# ?5 }
"n" : 1,/ D8 Z; }% _3 _ M0 M7 \' r2 ]
"scriptPubKey" : {- E1 U6 [" u9 K+ T" }
"asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",
"hex" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac",
"reqSigs" : 1,
"type" : "pubkeyhash",
"addresses" : [
"1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3"3 }' V( d# h1 F, [) U* n" A
]
}
}2 P5 K1 e& @. ~4 b
]) \. s$ `( h( n& G; ^
}; V+ w% E! s% t, q9 j
至此,一个“空白交易”就构造好了,尚未使用私钥对交易进行签名,字段scriptSig是留空的,无签名的交易是无效的。此时的Tx ID并不是最终的Tx ID,填入签名后Tx ID会发生变化。$ a5 d' b, v* o* @- G5 |) |0 P/ u
在手动创建交易时,务必注意输入、输出的值,非常容易犯错的是忘记构造找零输出(如非必要勿手动构造交易)。曾经有人构造交易时忘记找零,发生了支付 200 BTC 的矿工费的人间惨剧,所幸的是收录该笔交易的Block由著名挖矿团队“烤猫(Friedcat)”挖得,该团队非常厚道的退回了多余费用。
3. 签名
交易签名使用命令: f1 G( n |/ M( f7 B
signrawtransaction \- n% \+ i( ~" ?2 _& p- F2 t4 ~4 }' d
[{"txid":txid,"vout":n,"scriptPubKey":hex,"redeemScript":hex},...] [,...] \
[sighashtype="ALL"]
第一个参数是创建的待签名交易的十六进制字符串;第二个参数有点类似创建交易时的参数,不过需要多出一个公钥字段scriptPubKey,其他节点验证交易时是通过公钥和签名来完成的,所以要提供公钥;如果是合成地址,则需要提供redeemScript;( q/ ]7 k$ h4 D% L1 X; n/ O9 j
第三个参数是即将花费的币所在地址的私钥,用来对交易进行签名,如果该地址私钥已经导入至bitcoind中,则无需显式提供;最后一个参数表示签名类型,在上一篇里,介绍了三种交易签名类型;
: I: |/ u7 O2 A( q
签名之前需要找到scriptPubKey,提取输入交易信息即可获取(也可以根据其公钥自行计算),由命令:getrawtransaction [verbose=0]完成。3 b0 U9 k* P: D" V @2 {. F
执行:. g: h4 F* d6 A" ?9 Y, j
bitcoind getrawtransaction 296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156 15 o. n o- W/ Q+ F# ^
输出:
{
"hex" : "01000000010511331f639e974283d3909496787a660583dc88f41598d177e225b5f352314a000000006c493046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d4012103cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4ffffffff0160a62f01000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000",
"txid" : "296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156",
"version" : 1,
"locktime" : 0, U! g' Q' ^6 F7 C8 W1 x
"vin" : [
{; F4 _. t# N) O
"txid" : "4a3152f3b525e277d19815f488dc8305667a78969490d38342979e631f331105",+ ^1 D% U9 i7 J# T, j+ y5 o
"vout" : 0,
"scriptSig" : {, F9 V' \1 ^4 R& G) Z
"asm" : "3046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d401 03cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4",
"hex" : "493046022100be8c796122ec598295e6dfd6664a20a7e20704a17f76d3d925c9ec421ca60bc1022100cf9f2d7b9f24285f7c119c91f24521e5483f6b141de6ee55658fa70116ee04d4012103cad07f6de0b181891b5291a5bc82b228fe6509699648b0b53556dc0057eeb5a4"
},3 b' ]. a( H: ~& ^0 f
"sequence" : 4294967295
}. s6 ?: j1 j& A$ E
],/ j. o+ b m8 o8 E* X' \
"vout" : [
{
"value" : 0.19900000,1 I5 @, d$ Z" P! c6 `4 b( E
"n" : 0,
"scriptPubKey" : {1 x0 n' x) s/ s& i
"asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",
"hex" : "76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac",* g: l; a/ r) ?8 e2 X4 i
"reqSigs" : 1,1 V0 S6 P4 O. t t' H$ I
"type" : "pubkeyhash",
"addresses" : [ M$ t \, m: h% a' T q
"1Lab618UuWjLmVA1Q64tHZXcLoc4397ZX3"+ Z1 U2 O# X: L. y, Y: z
]
}
}
],' p) ?' d$ v0 N
"blockhash" : "000000000000000488f18f7659acd85b2bd06a5ed2c4439eea74a8b968d16656",
"confirmations" : 19,
"time" : 1383235737,
"blocktime" : 1383235737
}
scriptPubKey位于”vout”[0]->”scriptPubKey”->”hex”,即: 76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac 。
签名使用ECDSA算法,对其,“空白交易”签名之,执行:- |; n) |& Y( S7 \) z! Y" b! ^
bitcoind signrawtransaction \; c3 O5 X) _ y4 Q0 u0 c
"010000000156211389e5410a9fd1fc684ea3a852b8cee07fd15398689d99441b98bfa76e290000000000ffffffff0280969800000000001976a914fdc7990956642433ea75cabdcc0a9447c5d2b4ee88acd0e89600000000001976a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac00000000" \
'[{"txid":"296ea7bf981b44999d689853d17fe0ceb852a8a34e68fcd19f0a41e589132156","vout":0,"scriptPubKey":"76a914d6c492056f3f99692b56967a42b8ad44ce76b67a88ac"}]'
输出:* s. B. z2 F# i8 ^
{# x7 C7 ~. Y$ r* h, F) t8 D$ Z
"hex" : "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",
"complete" : true6 B( `( |2 G1 o+ l2 Z9 [6 o+ I
}
签名后,签名值会填入上文所述的空字段中,从而得到一个完整的交易。可通过上文介绍的命令decoderawtransaction 解码查看之。) ?$ y8 t/ U0 s( S
最后一步,就是将其广播出去,等待网络传播至所有节点,约10~60秒广播至全球节点,取决与你的节点的网络连接状况。稍后一些时刻,就会进入Block中。广播由命令sendrawtransaction 来完成。如果没有运行节点,可以通过公共节点的API进行广播,例如:blockchain.info/pushtx。
执行:
bitcoind sendrawtransaction \
"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"5 F- _; [$ K+ E! j4 n6 X
输出:
b5f8da1ea9e02ec3cc0765f9600f49945e94ed4b0c88ed0648896bf3e213205d
返回的是Transaction Hash值,即该交易的ID。至此,交易构造、签名、发送的完整过程完成了。- k9 y" l% v, v& P
合成地址交易8 j: k: m+ g @% T$ r( z
合成地址以3开头,可以实现多方管理资产,极大提高安全性,也可以轻松实现基于比特币原生的三方交易担保支付。一个M-of-N的模式: f+ Z5 X- q9 [
m {pubkey}...{pubkey} n OP_CHECKMULTISIG
M和N需满足:
1
1 of 3,最大程度私钥冗余。防丢私钥损失,3把私钥中任意一把即可签名发币,即使丢失2把都可以保障不受损失;
2 of 3,提高私钥冗余度的同时解决单点信任问题。3把私钥任意2把私钥可签名发币,三方不完全信任的情形,即中介交易中,非常适用;
3 of 3,最大程度解决资金信任问题,无私钥冗余。必须3把私钥全部签名才能发币,适用多方共同管理重要资产,但任何一方遗失私钥均造成严重损失;& k. Y( \' g S0 p
合成地址的交易构造、签名、发送过程与普通交易类似,这里只介绍如何创建一个合成地址。大神Gavin Andresen已经演示过,下面内容摘自其gist.
首先,需要三对公钥、私钥。公钥创建地址、私钥用于签名。* q% ^9 o5 J" q# ]. M
# No.1
0491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f86 / 5JaTXbAUmfPYZFRwrYaALK48fN6sFJp4rHqq2QSXs8ucfpE4yQU" N$ t3 F2 D6 l" x
# No.2
04865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec6874 / 5Jb7fCeh1Wtm4yBBg3q3XbT6B525i17kVhy3vMC9AqfR6FH2qGk
# No.3
048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d46213 / 5JFjmGo5Fww9p8gvx48qBYDJNAzR9pmH5S389axMtDyPT8ddqmw/ ?- Q& f% ^2 f( @8 C
使用命令:createmultisig 来合成,其中key为公钥,创建地址时仅需公钥。创建类型是2 of 3., O7 R5 c8 u6 j
输入: g0 W* C/ V' I. {, z) V. ~
bitcoind createmultisig 2 \
'["0491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f86","04865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec6874","048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d46213"]'4 v- X2 j7 K5 t) D# A
输出:
{ u5 i, u- L7 H8 C _5 L+ Q, H2 O0 |
"address" : "3QJmV3qfvL9SuYo34YihAf3sRCW3qSinyC",4 H; u' J0 Y" i8 M
"redeemScript" : "52410491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f864104865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec687441048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d4621353ae"
}
得到的合成地址是:3QJmV3qfvL9SuYo34YihAf3sRCW3qSinyC,该地址没有公钥,仅有redeemScript,作用与公钥相同。后续的构造、签名、发送过程与上文普通地址交易类似,略去。
转自比特币实验室
BitMere.com 比特池塘系信息发布平台,比特池塘仅提供信息存储空间服务。
声明:该文观点仅代表作者本人,本文不代表比特池塘立场,且不构成建议,请谨慎对待。
声明:该文观点仅代表作者本人,本文不代表比特池塘立场,且不构成建议,请谨慎对待。
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